Course Review

• Introduction

• Process

  • Multiprogramming
  • multithread
  • Synchronization
  • Deadlock
  • Eavluation

• Secondary Storage

  • Disks
  • file organization

General Types of Computers

• Analog Computer

  • pros
  • cons

• Digital Computer

  • pros
  • cons

• Quantum Computer

  • pros
  • cons

Assembly Code and Machine Code

ADD A,B

A = A + B

; 0101011  00010101 0101010

OPcode    DATA_1    DATA_2
ADD          A               B

R1 = R2 + R3
ADD R1, R2, R3

; 010101001 0001 0010 0011

OP Code     R1    R2    R3

010101001000100100011

Instruction Set(I)

AND: Logical AND memory with AC
ADD: Arithmetic ADD memory with AC
LDA: Load from memory to AC
STA: Store AC to memory
BUN: Branch unconditional
ISZ: Increment and skip if zero
CLA: Clear AC
CLE: Clear E
CMA: Complement AC
CME: Complement E
CIR: Circulate right (AC and E)
CIL: Circulate left (AC and E)

INC:    Increment AC
SPA:    Skip if positive AC
SNA:    Skip if negative AC
SZA:    Skip if zero AC
SZE:    Skip if zero E
HLT:    Halt
OUT:    Output a character from AC
SKO:    Skip if output flag
NOP:    No operation

Instruction Set Bianary(I)

AND:    00001
ADD:    00010
LDA:    00011
STA:    00100
BUN:    00101
ISZ:    00110
CLA:    00111
CLE:    01000
CMA:    01001
CME:    01010
CIR:    01011
CIL:    01100

INC:    01101
SPA:    01110
SNA:    01111
SZA:    10000
SZE:    10001
HLT:    10010
OUT:    10011
SKO:    10100
NOP:    10101

Output Problem

lda a
add b
sta c
out
hlt
a, 5
b, 2
c, 0

..........
..........

LB1: out
    sko
    bun LB1

...........
...........

Simple LED

circuitbasics

Seven segment display

circuitbasics askingthelot

youtu.be element14

4 Digit 7-Segment Displays

circuitbasics

Arduino Print 4 to 7-segment

#include "SevSeg.h"
SevSeg sevseg;

void setup(){
  byte numDigits = 1;
  byte digitPins[] = {};
  byte segmentPins[] =
    {6, 5, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9};
  bool resistorsOnSegments = true;

  byte hardwareConfig = COMMON_CATHODE;
  sevseg.begin(hardwareConfig,
    numDigits, digitPins, segmentPins,
    resistorsOnSegments
  );
  sevseg.setBrightness(90);
}

void loop(){
  sevseg.setNumber(4);
  sevseg.refreshDisplay();
}

circuitbasics

The common segment displays

• Seven-segment_display
• 9 Segments Display
• Fourteen-segment display
• Sixteen-segment display

YIC 40 - BSA

1. LED output code
2. 7 segment code
3. Printer
4. output selector
5. Adding porecedures
6. Device Drivers
7. Adding more devices
8. No error checking
9. Send data
10. API (protocol)

YIC60 - Input Devices

• Card Reader
• Necessary Loops
• Check Errors
• Polling Method
• Hollerith and IBM keypunches, 1890
• IBM 011 Electric Key Punch(1923)
• IBM Type 032 Printing Punch(1935)
• A Key Punch Room in the 1960s

       ORG 0
START, BSA READ1
       STA BYTE1
       LDA BYTE1
       BSZ OUTCH
       HLT

READ1, HEX 0
RDCNT, SKI
       BUN RDCNT
       INP
       BUN (READ1)

OUTCH, HEX 0
       OUT
       BUN (OUTCH)

BYTE1, DEC     0
       END

Simple Input Output Code - YIC60

1         ORG     0
2 START,  BSA     INPUT
3         STA     NUM1
4 
5         BSA     INPUT
6         STA     NUM2
7 
8         LDA     NUM1
9         ADD     NUM2
10         STA     RESULT
11 
12         BSA     OUTPUT
13 
14         HLT

15 INPUT,  HEX     0
16 POLL,   SKI
17         BUN     POLL
18         INP
19         BUN     (INPUT)
20 
21 OUTPUT, HEX     0
22 OUT_P,  SKO
23         BUN     OUT_P
24         OUT
25         BUN     (OUTPUT)
26 
27 // Data Section
28 NUM1,   DEC     0
29 NUM2,   DEC     0
30 RESULT, DEC     0
31 
32         END

YIC60 code with array(I)

1 START   BSA     (PVT_INPUT)
2         STA     NUM1
3         BSA     (PVT_INPUT)
4         STA     NUM2
5         LDA     NUM1
6         ADD     NUM2
7         STA     RESULT
8         BSA     (PVT_OUTPUT)
9         HLT
10 NUM1,   DEC     0
11 NUM2,   DEC     0
12 RESULT, DEC     0
13 
14         ORG     150
15 PVT_INPUT,  HEX 200
16 PVT_OUTPUT, HEX 220
17 
18         ORG     200
19 INPUT,  HEX     0
20 IN_POLL,SKI
21         BUN     IN_POLL
22         INP
23         BUN     (INPUT)

19         ORG     220
20 OUTPUT, HEX     0
21         STA     TEMP_OUT
22 
23 OUT_POLL,SKO
24         BUN     OUT_POLL
25         LDA     TEMP_OUT
26         OUT
27         BSA     (PVT_DELAY)
28         BUN     (OUTPUT)
29 
30         ORG     240
31 DELAY,  HEX     0
32         LDA     DELAY_COUNT
33         STA     DELAY_CTR
34 
35 DELAY_LOOP,
36         LDA     DELAY_CTR

YIC60 code with array(II)

1 DELAY,  HEX     0
2         LDA     DELAY_COUNT
3         STA     DELAY_CTR
4 
5 DELAY_LOOP,
6         LDA     DELAY_CTR
7         SZA
8         BUN     CONTINUE_DELAY
9         BUN     (DELAY)
10 
11 CONTINUE_DELAY,
12         DEC
13         STA     DELAY_CTR
14         BUN     DELAY_LOOP
15 
16         ORG     300
17 TEMP_OUT,   DEC     0
18 DELAY_COUNT,DEC     10

21 DELAY_CTR,  DEC     0
22 PVT_DELAY,  HEX     52
23         END

YIC70 - Adding Loader

Array

1 START,  BSA     READ_COUNT
2         STA     BYTE_COUNT
3         BSA     INIT_LOAD 
4         BSA     LOAD_LOOP 
5         BSA     EXECUTE   
6         BUN     0        
7         HLT               
8 
9 READ_COUNT, HEX 0
10 RD_CNT, SKI               
11         BUN     RD_CNT
12         INP               
13         BUN     READ_COUNT I 
14 
15 INIT_LOAD, HEX 0
16         LDA     ZERO
17         STA     LOAD_PTR   
18         STA     CURRENT_IDX
19         BUN     INIT_LOAD I
20 
21 LOAD_LOOP, HEX 0
22         LDA     CURRENT_IDX

21         SUB     BYTE_COUNT
22         SPA              
23         BUN     LOAD_BYTE
24         BUN     LOAD_LOOP I
25 
26 LOAD_BYTE,
27         BSA     READ_BYTE
28         STA     TEMP_BYTE
29         
30         LDA     LOAD_PTR
31         STA     STORE_PTR
32         LDA     TEMP_BYTE
33         STA     STORE_PTR I 
34         
35         LDA     LOAD_PTR
36         INC
37         STA     LOAD_PTR

1         STA     LOAD_PTR
2         LDA     CURRENT_IDX
3         INC
4         STA     CURRENT_IDX
5         BUN     LOAD_LOOP  
6 
7 READ_BYTE, HEX 0
8 RD_BYT, SKI             
9         BUN     RD_BYT
10         INP             
11         BUN     READ_BYTE I 
12 
13         ORG     128
14 EXECUTE, HEX 0
15         
16         LDA     ZERO
17         STA     RESULT
18         BUN     EXECUTE I
19         
20         ORG     64     
21 ZERO,       DEC     0

21 BYTE_COUNT, DEC     0  
22 LOAD_PTR,   HEX     128
23 CURRENT_IDX,DEC     0  
24 TEMP_BYTE,  DEC     0  
25 STORE_PTR,  HEX     0  
26 RESULT,     DEC     0  
27 
28         END